Colorectal Cancer: What are the Causes, Symptoms of it?

What is Colorectal Cancer?

Colorectal cancer is a cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or rectum. It usually starts as small, benign growths known as polyps, which can turn malignant over time if not treated. This type of cancer is one of the most prevalent globally, but it is also one of the most preventable with routine screenings and lifestyle changes.

How Does Colorectal Cancer Occur?

Colorectal cancer starts when the DNA in healthy cells of the colon or rectum mutates. The mutations cause cells to grow uncontrollably and form tumors. The process may start with the growth of adenomatous polyps, benign initially, but turns malignant after a period. Genetic predisposition, long-standing inflammation, and exposure to carcinogens in food and the environment could accelerate this transformation. Early diagnosis and removal of polyps can prevent them from becoming cancerous.

What are the Causes and Risk Factors of Colorectal Cancer?

There are various factors involved in the risk of developing colorectal cancer, such as:

• Age: After the age of 50, the risk greatly increases.
• Genetics & Family History: A family history of colorectal cancer or hereditary syndromes such as Lynch syndrome puts an individual at higher risk.
• Diet: A diet that is high in red and processed meat, low in fiber, and high in unhealthy fats may help cause cancer to develop.
• Lifestyle Factors: Obesity, lack of exercise, heavy drinking, and smoking raise the risk.
• Medical Conditions: Chronic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which include Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, can raise risk.

Symptoms of Colorectal Cancer

Early stages of colorectal cancer might not show any symptoms. As it grows, the typical symptoms are:

• Continued changes in bowel habits (diarrhea, constipation, or narrowing of stools)
• Rectal bleeding or blood in stool
• Abdominal cramps, discomfort, or bloating
• Unintended weight loss
• Weakness and fatigue
• Sensation that the bowel is not emptying completely

If you notice any of these signs, it's important to consult the medical practitioner right away.

Diagnosis and Screening for Colorectal Cancer

Early detection through regular screenings greatly enhances the treatment. The common diagnostic procedures include:

• Colonoscopy: The best and most effective approach as it enables physicians to identify and remove polyps before they develop into cancer.
• Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): Identifies hidden blood in the stool, which can be a sign of cancer.
• CT Colonography (Virtual Colonoscopy): A less invasive imaging procedure to identify colon abnormalities.
• Biopsy: If abnormal growth is detected, a sample of tissue is tested for cancer cells.

It is usually advised that people begin screening at age 45, or earlier if they are at high risk.

Does diet and lifestyle change help in the prevention of Colorectal Cancer?

Yes, having a healthy diet and lifestyle can help lower the risk of colorectal cancer significantly. Here's what you can do:

Foods to Eat

• Fiber-Rich Foods: Whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and legumes keep the gut healthy and lower the risk of polyps.
• Leafy Greens: Spinach, kale, and other leafy greens contain high levels of antioxidants that protect cells from damage.
• Fatty Fish: Salmon, mackerel, and tuna are rich in omega-3 fatty acids that can help alleviate inflammation in the colon.
• Nuts and Seeds: Almonds, walnuts, and flaxseeds contain essential nutrients and healthy fats.
• Probiotic Foods: Yogurt, kefir, and fermented foods stimulate gut health and enhance digestion.

Foods to Avoid

• Red and Processed Meat: High intake of beef, sausages, and bacon increases the risk of colorectal cancer.
• Refined Carbohydrates and Sweet Foods: White bread, pastry, and sweet beverages could lead to inflammation and obesity, raising the risk.
• Excess Alcohol: Excessive drinking is a recognized carcinogen, which raises the risk of colorectal cancer.

Lifestyle Changes

• Exercise Regularly: Regular exercise for at least 150 minutes every week reduces cancer risk.
• Maintain Healthy Weight: Obesity is linked to increased cancer risk, particularly in the colon and rectum.
• Quit Smoking: Long-term smoking contributes to colorectal cancer development.
• Limit Alcohol Consumption: Reduce your alcohol intake and if you drink, have it in moderation.

What are Treatment Options for Colorectal Cancer?

The treatment of colorectal cancer varies with its stage and general condition of health. The main treatment methods are:

• Surgery: Early-stage colorectal cancer is treated by removing polyps or affected sections of the colon.
• Chemotherapy: In more advanced stages, chemotherapy helps kill cancer cells and avoid recurrence.
• Radiation Therapy: Used with chemotherapy for rectal cancer to shrink tumors before surgery.
• Targeted Therapy: Specific drugs like monoclonal antibodies target the unique mechanisms of the cancer cells.
• Immunotherapy: Helps the immune system in recognizing and fighting cancer cells more effectively.

Complications of Colorectal Cancer

If not treated, colorectal cancer may cause serious complications like:

• Intestinal Obstruction: The tumor can block the intestine, resulting in excruciating pain and problems with digestion.
• Metastasis: Cancer can spread to other organs, like the liver and lungs.
• Anemia: Chronic bleeding from the tumor can cause iron deficiency and tiredness.
• Perforation of the Colon:  A tumor can rupture the colon wall, resulting in potentially life-threatening infections.

Colorectal Cancer Awareness Month

March is Colorectal Cancer Awareness Month, which is committed to raising awareness of this preventable but fatal disease. Throughout the month, healthcare organizations highlight the need for early screening, lifestyle changes, and support for patients and caregivers within the community. Awareness campaigns urge individuals to get screened, identify symptoms early, and lead healthier lifestyles to reduce their risk. Getting involved in activities such as Wear Blue Day or local screening drives can help raise awareness and save lives.

Conclusion

Colorectal cancer is a serious but highly preventable and curable disease if caught in its early stages. Being aware of its causes, symptoms, and risk factors, individuals can take the initiative to reduce their chances of developing it. Regular screening, a balanced diet, and exercise are key to prevention. Education and awareness regarding the disease can significantly reduce its impact. If you or your dear ones are susceptible, consult a medical expert and ensure you opt for regular screening for early diagnosis.